Appendix FM UK Immigration Rules Guide 2025

Appendix FM is the core part of the UK Immigration Rules that governs family-based applications to enter or remain in the UK. It sets prescriptive eligibility and evidence standards for partners, parents, children, adult dependent relatives, and victims of domestic abuse. Because decisions are made against tightly drafted requirements and specified evidence rules, success depends on presenting a complete, consistent, and well-organised case.

What this article is about: This guide provides a comprehensive practitioner-level explanation of Appendix FM. It covers who qualifies and who can sponsor, how each family route operates, the financial, English language, accommodation, and suitability rules, the role of exceptional and compassionate circumstances under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and Section EX, how to prepare and file an application in line with Appendix FM-SE, common refusal risks, and progression to indefinite leave to remain on the five-year and ten-year routes. It is structured to match common search queries so readers can navigate quickly to the points that matter.

Section A: What is Appendix FM?

Appendix FM, meaning “Family Members”, forms a core part of the UK Immigration Rules. It sets out the eligibility and evidential requirements for individuals applying to enter or remain in the United Kingdom on the basis of a family relationship with a qualifying sponsor. The appendix applies to partners, parents, children, and adult dependent relatives of British citizens, settled persons, or those with refugee or humanitarian protection status. It also includes provisions for victims of domestic abuse whose qualifying relationships have broken down.

Appendix FM operates in conjunction with Appendix FM-SE (Specified Evidence), which lists the mandatory documents needed to demonstrate compliance with each rule. Home Office caseworkers must also apply the proportionality framework in GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, where relevant, the exceptions in Section EX (EX.1 and EX.2) when assessing whether refusal would produce unjustifiably harsh consequences in breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

The appendix governs every aspect of family-based eligibility, including relationship genuineness, financial independence, accommodation standards, English language ability, and personal suitability. It ensures that only applicants who can be adequately maintained and accommodated without public funds are granted permission to join or remain with their family in the UK. Caseworkers must assess both eligibility and suitability before approving a visa or extension.

Applications under Appendix FM typically fall within three recognised pathways:

• Five-year route: For applicants meeting all standard eligibility criteria, including financial, English, and relationship rules. Successful completion of five continuous years’ lawful residence on this route leads to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR).
• Ten-year route: For applicants who cannot meet one or more standard requirements but qualify to remain on human rights grounds because of established family or private life in the UK. ILR is available after ten years of continuous lawful residence on this route.
• Exceptional circumstances: Where refusal would breach Article 8 by causing unjustifiably harsh consequences, decision-makers must consider the provisions of GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, for partners or parents, the exceptions in Section EX.

The type of route determines both the length of permission granted and the timeline to settlement. Successful applicants are issued limited leave which can be extended in line with the route followed, eventually leading to indefinite leave if all conditions remain satisfied.

Section Summary: Appendix FM provides the legal foundation for family-based immigration to the UK. It balances the right to family life under Article 8 ECHR with the government’s objective to maintain immigration control. Applicants must satisfy strict evidential and eligibility tests, and the pathway chosen determines the duration of leave and eventual eligibility for settlement.

Section B: Who Does Appendix FM Apply To?

Appendix FM applies to people seeking permission to enter or remain in the United Kingdom on the basis of a family relationship with a qualifying sponsor who has the required immigration status. It defines the eligible categories of family relationships, the criteria each must meet, and the responsibilities of the UK-based sponsor. Understanding who qualifies under Appendix FM is essential before preparing any family visa application.

1. Qualifying Relationships

Appendix FM covers several categories of close family relationships through which applicants can qualify for a visa. These include:

• Partners: A spouse, civil partner, fiancé(e), proposed civil partner, or unmarried partner of a qualifying sponsor.
• Parents: A parent of a British or settled child, or of a child who has lived in the UK continuously for at least seven years at the date of application.
• Children: A dependent child joining or remaining with a parent or parents in the UK who hold, or are being granted, leave under the family route.
• Adult dependent relatives: A parent, grandparent, adult child, or adult sibling of the sponsor who, due to age, illness, or disability, requires long-term personal care unavailable or unaffordable in their country of residence.
• Victims of domestic abuse: A former partner eligible for indefinite leave to remain following the permanent breakdown of the relationship as a result of domestic abuse.

Each category carries distinct evidential and eligibility standards. The Home Office requires robust documentation, such as proof of relationship, income evidence, accommodation details, and where relevant, English language qualifications. Applicants unable to meet one or more standard requirements may still be considered under the exceptional circumstance provisions of GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX if refusal would breach Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

2. Who Can Be a Sponsor?

A sponsor is the UK-based family member who supports the applicant’s visa application under Appendix FM. The sponsor must have eligible immigration status and a genuine, qualifying relationship with the applicant. Acceptable sponsor categories include:

• A British citizen.
• A person settled in the UK (holding indefinite leave to remain or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme).
• A person with refugee status or humanitarian protection in the UK.
• A person with pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, provided the relationship existed before 31 December 2020.
• A person with limited leave under the Settled Status for Victims of Domestic Abuse (SSVDA) provisions.

The sponsor’s status must fall within these categories and be evidenced at the time of application. Sponsors with temporary or work-related immigration status, such as Skilled Workers or Graduate visa holders, cannot sponsor family members under Appendix FM. Those applications must instead be made under the relevant work-related appendix governing dependants.

The Home Office also examines the authenticity of the relationship between applicant and sponsor. Evidence of cohabitation, communication, shared finances, and ongoing mutual commitment will be reviewed. Couples must intend to live together permanently in the UK, and any previous relationships must have ended before the new application is made.

Sponsors are expected to act honestly and provide accurate supporting documents. False information, non-disclosure of immigration breaches, or evidence of abusive conduct can lead to refusal on suitability grounds under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules. Both applicant and sponsor share responsibility for ensuring that all information provided to the Home Office is accurate and complete.

Section Summary: Appendix FM applies to close family members of British citizens, settled persons, refugees, and certain holders of EU Settlement Scheme or SSVDA status. The type of relationship determines the applicable subcategory, while both sponsor and applicant must satisfy strict eligibility, financial, and suitability requirements. Correct identification of the qualifying relationship and verification of sponsor status are fundamental to any successful family visa application.

Section C: Appendix FM Categories

Appendix FM is divided into a series of family relationship categories, each with its own eligibility conditions, documentary standards, and pathway to settlement. Understanding which category applies is crucial to ensuring that applicants select the correct route, provide compliant evidence, and meet all relevant Home Office requirements.

1. Partner Route

The Partner route applies to individuals in a genuine and subsisting relationship with a qualifying partner who is a British citizen, settled in the UK, or holds refugee or humanitarian protection status. Under Appendix FM, a “partner” can be a spouse, civil partner, unmarried partner, fiancé(e), or proposed civil partner. The relationship type at the date of application determines which visa applies and the duration of leave granted.

Applicants who intend to marry or form a civil partnership in the UK may apply as a fiancé(e) or proposed civil partner for six months’ entry clearance. This visa allows entry solely for marriage or civil partnership and does not permit work or study. Once the ceremony has taken place, the individual must apply for further leave to remain as a spouse or civil partner.

Applicants already married, in a civil partnership, or who have cohabited with their partner for at least two years can apply for a Family visa as a partner. Entry clearance is normally granted for 33 months and extensions for 30 months. After completing five years of continuous lawful residence on this route, the applicant may apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR), provided all eligibility, financial, and English language requirements continue to be met.

Same-sex and opposite-sex couples are treated equally under the Rules. The Home Office assesses the genuineness and continuity of the relationship without regard to gender or sexual orientation. The couple must intend to live together permanently in the UK, and any previous relationships must have permanently ended before applying. For unmarried partners, evidence of at least two years of cohabitation is mandatory.

2. Parent Route

The Parent route applies where the applicant is the parent of a British or settled child, or of a child who has lived in the UK continuously for at least seven years. It is specifically designed for parents who play an active role in their child’s upbringing but do not qualify under the Partner route. The applicant must demonstrate parental responsibility, shared care, or direct in-person access to the child, and show meaningful involvement in the child’s life.

The child must normally live with the applicant, or if living elsewhere, the applicant must prove continuing, direct involvement in day-to-day care. The applicant must be over 18, and the child must be under 18 on the date of application unless dependency continues into adulthood. Accommodation and maintenance must be adequate without recourse to public funds, and refusal must be shown to risk unjustifiably harsh consequences or disrupt the child’s upbringing. If both parents are in the UK, this route can only be used if the relationship between them has permanently broken down.

3. Child Route

The Child route enables dependent children to join or remain with a parent or parents in the UK who are settled or being granted leave under Appendix FM. To qualify, the child must meet all of the following:

• Be under 18 on the date of application.
• Not be married, in a civil partnership, or living an independent life.
• Be financially supported and accommodated without recourse to public funds.

The sponsoring parent(s) must hold, or be granted simultaneously, leave under the family route. In assessing applications, the Home Office must have regard to the duty under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, which requires that a child’s best interests are a primary consideration in immigration decisions. In some cases, children over 18 may still qualify as dependants where they remain financially and emotionally reliant on their parents and have not formed independent family lives.

4. Adult Dependent Relative Route

The Adult Dependent Relative (ADR) route is reserved for close family members—such as a parent, grandparent, adult child, or adult sibling—who require long-term personal care due to age, illness, or disability. It is one of the narrowest and most demanding family routes under UK immigration law. The applicant must prove that they need long-term personal care to perform everyday tasks and that such care is either unavailable or unaffordable in their home country.

The evidential threshold for ADR applications is exceptionally high, and refusal rates are correspondingly significant. Applications must normally be made from overseas, as switching into this category from within the UK is not permitted except in rare and compelling cases. Successful applicants are usually granted Indefinite Leave to Enter, reflecting the permanent nature of the dependency and the expectation that they will live with and be supported by their UK sponsor indefinitely.

5. Victims of Domestic Abuse Route

Appendix FM provides protection for individuals whose relationship with a qualifying sponsor has broken down permanently as a result of domestic abuse. Known as the Domestic Violence Indefinite Leave to Remain (DVILR) route, this provision allows victims to apply independently for settlement without financial or English language requirements.

To qualify, the applicant must have been the partner of a British citizen, settled person, or someone with refugee or humanitarian protection status, and must provide evidence that the abuse occurred during the relationship and directly led to its breakdown. Acceptable evidence can include police reports, medical records, letters from social services or domestic abuse charities, or other corroborating documents. Successful applicants are granted immediate Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR), regardless of how long they have held leave under the family route.

Section Summary: Appendix FM is structured around five principal categories—partner, parent, child, adult dependent relative, and domestic abuse. Each has distinct eligibility and evidential standards, and each provides a potential route to settlement. Selecting the correct category and submitting full, compliant evidence under Appendix FM-SE are critical to meeting the Home Office’s expectations and achieving a positive outcome.

Section D: Financial Requirement

The financial requirement under Appendix FM ensures that families joining or remaining together in the UK can be adequately supported without reliance on public funds. It is one of the most rigorously enforced aspects of family migration and a frequent cause of refusal. Applicants and sponsors must show sufficient income or savings to meet the prescribed financial threshold and must present evidence in the exact format required by Appendix FM-SE (Specified Evidence).

1. Minimum Income Threshold

For applications made on or after 11 April 2024, the minimum gross annual income required for a partner applying under the five-year route is £29,000. This threshold applies irrespective of whether dependent children are included. The new fixed threshold simplifies the previous system, which varied depending on the number of children.

However, under transitional rules, applicants who were already on the five-year family route before 11 April 2024 remain subject to the previous threshold of £18,600, plus £3,800 for the first non-British child and £2,400 for each additional non-British child. These transitional provisions continue to apply as long as the applicant remains on the same route.

The income requirement can be met through one or a combination of the following sources:

• Employment income (salaried or non-salaried) of the sponsor and, where permitted, the applicant.
• Self-employment income or income from a UK-registered company (as director or shareholder).
• Cash savings above £16,000, held by the sponsor or applicant for at least six consecutive months.
• Pension income, investment income, or rental income from property owned in the UK or abroad.
• Any combination of the above, provided the evidence meets the Appendix FM-SE format and timing rules.

Applicants relying solely on savings must hold a minimum of £88,500. This is calculated using the formula set out in Appendix FM-SE: 2.5 times the difference between the required income and the actual income, plus £16,000. All financial evidence must be current, verifiable, and consistent across all documents. Even where the income threshold is substantively met, an application may still fail if the evidence does not meet the specified documentary requirements.

2. Financial Requirement Exemptions

Certain applicants are exempt from meeting the standard income threshold where the sponsor receives a qualifying disability-related benefit. In these cases, the Home Office applies the adequate maintenance test instead of the fixed financial requirement. This test compares household income (after housing costs) against the level of Income Support that a British family of equivalent size would receive.

Exemptions apply when the sponsor receives one or more of the following benefits:

• Carer’s Allowance
• Disability Living Allowance (DLA)
• Personal Independence Payment (PIP)
• Attendance Allowance
• Armed Forces Independence Payment
• Constant Attendance Allowance

Under this test, applicants must demonstrate that their combined income—after deducting rent, mortgage, and council tax—meets or exceeds the equivalent Income Support level. Evidence should include benefit statements, wage slips, tenancy or mortgage documentation, and a detailed breakdown of household expenses. Failure to evidence these items correctly can result in refusal even where entitlement exists.

3. Exceptional Circumstances

Where the financial requirement cannot be met through income or savings, the Home Office must consider whether refusing the application would cause unjustifiably harsh consequences in breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Such consideration takes place under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 and, for partners and parents, under Section EX of Appendix FM.

Applicants must provide compelling evidence that refusal would have disproportionate effects on family life. This may include factors such as the best interests of a child, medical or compassionate issues, or a long-term dependency between family members. The burden of proof lies with the applicant to show why discretion should be exercised. Where exceptional circumstances are accepted, limited leave may be granted under the ten-year route instead of the five-year route, allowing the family to remain lawfully together in the UK.

4. Common Financial Evidence Errors

Many Appendix FM refusals result from documentary non-compliance rather than genuine financial ineligibility. Appendix FM-SE specifies the exact documents required, their format, and the applicable timeframes. Common mistakes include:

• Submitting fewer than six months of payslips when six are required under Category A or B employment.
• Omitting bank statements that show the corresponding salary deposits for each payslip submitted.
• Providing savings evidence for less than six consecutive months or below the required balance at any point within that period.
• Failing to include an employer letter confirming salary, employment type, start date, and authenticity, as required by Appendix FM-SE.

Home Office caseworkers are not obliged to request missing or replacement documents. Even a minor evidential omission can result in automatic refusal. To avoid this, applicants must ensure that all financial evidence strictly adheres to the FM-SE requirements, is internally consistent, and clearly demonstrates ongoing financial capacity.

Section Summary: The financial requirement under Appendix FM is one of the most critical and technical parts of the family visa process. Applicants must meet the £29,000 threshold—or demonstrate adequate maintenance where exempt—supported by precise documentary evidence under Appendix FM-SE. Transitional provisions safeguard those already on the pre-2024 threshold, while exceptional circumstances may justify leave under the ten-year route. Success depends not only on meeting the financial target but also on satisfying the Home Office’s strict evidential standards.

Section E: English Language Requirement

The English language requirement is a central element of Appendix FM. It reflects the UK Government’s policy objective to promote integration, support access to work and education, and help family visa holders participate fully in British society. Meeting this requirement is mandatory for most applicants under the partner and parent routes, except in limited cases where an exemption applies.

1. Who Must Meet the English Language Requirement

Applicants under the partner or parent routes must demonstrate that they can speak and understand English at a prescribed level when applying for entry clearance, further leave to remain, or indefinite leave to remain (ILR). The requirement does not apply to children or to applicants under the Adult Dependent Relative route.

The required proficiency levels correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR):

• A1 – for initial entry clearance or the first in-country application as a partner or parent.
• A2 – for extension applications after 2.5 years on the five-year route.
• B1 – for applications for indefinite leave to remain (ILR) under Appendix FM.

These tests assess speaking and listening only. Reading and writing skills are not tested under Appendix FM. Each stage of the family route requires the applicant to meet a progressively higher English level to demonstrate integration over time.

2. How to Meet the Requirement

Applicants can satisfy the English language requirement in one of the following ways:

• By passing an approved Secure English Language Test (SELT) at or above the required CEFR level.
• By holding a recognised academic qualification taught or researched in English that is equivalent to a UK bachelor’s degree or higher, confirmed by Ecctis (formerly UK NARIC) if obtained outside the UK.
• By being a national of a majority English-speaking country as listed in Appendix English Language of the Immigration Rules.

The approved Home Office SELT providers are currently:

• IELTS for UKVI
• Pearson PTE Academic UKVI
• LanguageCert International ESOL
• PSI Skills for English (UKVI)
• Trinity College London (for in-country tests only)

Applicants must provide the official SELT certificate or reference number when applying. Tests must be taken at an approved centre and remain valid at the date of application. The Home Office will verify results directly with the test provider. For degree-based evidence, the Ecctis statement must confirm both English-medium instruction and equivalency to a UK degree.

3. Exemptions

Certain applicants are exempt from meeting the English language requirement if they meet one of the following conditions at the time of application:

• They are aged 65 or over.
• They have a physical or mental disability that prevents them from meeting the requirement.
• There are exceptional circumstances that make it unreasonable to expect them to meet the requirement before entry or continued residence.
• They are applying as a child or an adult dependent relative under Appendix FM.

Applicants relying on an exemption must provide convincing supporting evidence, such as medical certificates or other relevant documentation. The Home Office scrutinises exemption claims closely, and unsupported statements are rarely accepted.

4. Common Errors in English Language Evidence

Many applications are refused due to avoidable technical errors rather than a lack of English ability. Common reasons for refusal include:

• Submitting an expired or invalid SELT certificate.
• Taking a test at a non-approved centre.
• Failing to meet the required CEFR level for the application type (A1, A2, or B1).
• Providing a degree certificate without the corresponding Ecctis confirmation.
• Using a certificate that has already been used in a previous immigration application where a higher level is now required.

To avoid refusal, applicants must check that their test provider appears on the Home Office approved list at the time of testing and that the qualification clearly specifies the CEFR level achieved. The same qualification cannot normally be reused once a higher-level requirement applies at a later stage of the route.

Section Summary: The English language requirement under Appendix FM ensures that applicants can communicate effectively and integrate into the UK community. Partners and parents must meet CEFR levels A1, A2, and B1 at successive stages, using an approved SELT or an English-taught qualification confirmed by Ecctis. Exemptions are limited and must be clearly evidenced. Failure to comply with Appendix English Language or to provide valid proof will lead to refusal unless exceptional circumstances apply.

Section F: Accommodation Requirement

The accommodation requirement under Appendix FM ensures that the applicant and their family will have adequate housing available in the United Kingdom without recourse to public funds. This rule is designed to prevent overcrowding and to ensure that the property meets basic standards of health and safety. The Home Office will assess both the legal right to occupy the property and whether the accommodation is suitable for the number of intended occupants.

1. Definition of Suitable Accommodation

Accommodation is considered suitable if it is owned or legally occupied by the sponsor or the applicant and remains available for their exclusive use for the duration of their leave. The property must not be overcrowded under Part X of the Housing Act 1985 and must comply with relevant public health and safety regulations, including those relating to sanitation, ventilation, and fire safety.

The accommodation may be:

• Owned or mortgaged by the sponsor or applicant.
• Rented under a tenancy agreement in the sponsor’s or applicant’s name.
• Provided by family or friends, provided the owner consents to the applicant living there.

It must not rely on public housing or social accommodation provided on the basis of need. The Home Office assesses whether the property offers adequate space and privacy for all occupants, considering the number and ages of adults and children in the household. Any breach of statutory overcrowding limits can result in refusal.

2. Evidence of Accommodation

Applicants must provide clear documentary evidence showing that adequate accommodation is available upon arrival in the UK or for the duration of their stay. Typical supporting evidence includes:

• A tenancy agreement, mortgage statement, or title deed confirming ownership or lawful occupation.
• A letter from the landlord, property owner, or letting agent confirming consent for the applicant to reside at the property.
• Recent utility bills or council tax statements establishing the sponsor’s residence at the address.
• A property inspection report from a qualified surveyor or local authority confirming that the accommodation meets the Housing Act 1985 and public health standards.

If the property is rented, written consent from the landlord or housing provider should be included, especially where the tenancy agreement restricts occupants. Where the accommodation belongs to a relative or friend, a supporting statement confirming permission and the availability of the property should be provided. All evidence must demonstrate that the accommodation will remain available for the applicant’s use and will not become overcrowded after their arrival.

3. Common Reasons for Refusal

Applications are often refused because accommodation evidence fails to meet Home Office expectations. Frequent reasons for refusal include:

• Failure to provide proof of ownership, tenancy, or consent to occupy.
• Absence of a property inspection report when adequacy cannot otherwise be verified.
• Accommodation found to be overcrowded or unsuitable for health and safety reasons.
• Reliance on temporary or public housing that breaches the “no recourse to public funds” rule.

These issues can be avoided by submitting comprehensive documentation at the outset. A property inspection report from a reputable surveyor or local authority can be particularly useful in demonstrating compliance with the statutory standards for overcrowding and habitability.

4. Legal and Practical Considerations

The accommodation requirement extends beyond simple ownership or space measurements. The Home Office assesses the general condition of the property, including safety, hygiene, and long-term suitability. Properties that are structurally unsafe, unhygienic, or in disrepair may be deemed unsuitable even if they technically satisfy space standards.

Applicants should ensure that the property remains available throughout the visa period. Moving to a new address before or shortly after a decision can lead to further checks or even refusal if the Home Office considers that the accommodation evidence no longer reflects the applicant’s circumstances. Sponsors must therefore ensure that their housing situation is stable and clearly documented at the time of application.

Section Summary: Under Appendix FM, applicants must demonstrate access to accommodation that is legally occupied, adequate for the family’s needs, and free from overcrowding or public health risks. The property must remain available without reliance on public funds, and appropriate documentation—such as tenancy agreements, ownership proof, and inspection reports—should be provided. Strong, verifiable evidence of suitability is key to avoiding refusal on accommodation grounds.

Section G: Suitability Requirements

In addition to meeting the eligibility and evidential conditions of Appendix FM, applicants must also satisfy the Suitability Requirements. These provisions allow the Home Office to refuse or cancel an application where an individual’s conduct, character, or immigration history makes them unsuitable to enter or remain in the United Kingdom. Suitability rules are found within Appendix FM itself and cross-refer to Part 9 of the Immigration Rules, which sets out the general grounds for refusal.

1. Purpose of the Suitability Rules

The suitability rules exist to protect the public interest and to maintain confidence in the immigration system. They ensure that permission to stay in the UK is not granted to individuals whose behaviour, criminality, or immigration history conflicts with the values of lawful conduct expected by the Home Office. In practice, this means that even if an applicant meets all eligibility and evidential criteria, they can still be refused on suitability grounds.

Caseworkers assess suitability by examining the applicant’s criminal record, immigration compliance history, and any conduct deemed contrary to the public good, including dishonesty or abusive behaviour. The assessment extends to both applicants and, in certain cases, their sponsors, particularly where safeguarding or domestic abuse concerns arise.

2. Mandatory and Discretionary Grounds for Refusal

Suitability provisions fall into two broad categories: mandatory and discretionary grounds for refusal.

• Mandatory grounds require refusal or cancellation of leave by law. These include deportation orders, exclusion for reasons of national security, and serious criminal convictions resulting in imprisonment of 12 months or more.
• Discretionary grounds give the Home Office power to refuse an application where it considers refusal appropriate, for example in cases of lesser criminal convictions, previous breaches of immigration conditions, deception, or unpaid debts to the NHS.

Where a discretionary ground applies, the Home Office may still grant leave if refusal would disproportionately interfere with the applicant’s right to respect for family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, discretion is exercised only in exceptional circumstances, and applicants must provide persuasive evidence that refusal would result in unjustifiably harsh consequences.

3. Common Suitability Issues

The most frequent suitability issues leading to refusal or delay under Appendix FM and Part 9 include:

• Unspent criminal convictions in the UK or abroad.
• Use of false information, forged documents, or deception in a visa or immigration application.
• Previous breaches of immigration conditions, such as overstaying or working without permission.
• Outstanding debts to the NHS or unpaid Home Office litigation costs.
• Behaviour or associations considered contrary to the public good, including involvement in extremist or criminal activity.

Each case is assessed on its individual facts. The Home Office will consider the nature and seriousness of any conduct, how much time has passed since the offence, and whether there is credible evidence of rehabilitation or mitigating circumstances. Even where the behaviour is historic, failure to disclose it can itself trigger refusal for deception.

4. Disclosure Obligations

Applicants must disclose all relevant information regarding their criminal history, previous immigration applications, and any breaches of UK immigration law. Omitting or misrepresenting facts is treated as deception and can result in refusal or cancellation of existing leave. Sponsors may also be subject to checks if there are safeguarding concerns, particularly where domestic abuse has been alleged.

Applicants are required to disclose:

• All previous immigration applications, including refusals and appeals.
• Any periods of overstaying or breaches of visa conditions.
• All criminal convictions, cautions, and pending prosecutions in the UK or overseas.
• Any previous use of false documents or misrepresentation in immigration or other official matters.

Providing full and truthful disclosure is essential. Caseworkers have access to cross-referenced databases and may verify information with domestic or international authorities. Inconsistent statements or omissions are among the most common causes of refusal under suitability grounds.

5. Impact of Suitability Findings on Future Applications

A refusal on suitability grounds can have long-term implications for an applicant’s immigration history. It may lead to a re-entry ban, delay the ability to apply for indefinite leave to remain, or prevent switching to another visa category. Applicants should address any outstanding issues—such as repayment of NHS debts or clarification of past breaches—before making a new application under Appendix FM.

In some cases, individuals with minor offences or previous immigration breaches may still qualify under the ten-year route if refusal would result in disproportionate consequences under Article 8. These decisions are made in accordance with the proportionality framework in GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 of Appendix FM.

Section Summary: Suitability requirements under Appendix FM and Part 9 of the Immigration Rules ensure that applicants meet the expected standards of good conduct and honesty. Serious criminality, deception, or immigration non-compliance will usually result in refusal, while discretionary refusals may still occur in less serious cases. Full disclosure, evidence of rehabilitation, and resolution of any outstanding obligations are crucial for demonstrating suitability and securing a successful outcome.

Section H: How to Make an Appendix FM Application

Applications under Appendix FM can be made from outside the UK (entry clearance) or from within the UK (leave to remain), depending on the applicant’s current immigration status. The process is primarily digital and governed by detailed procedural rules and evidential requirements. Each stage—from completing the online form to attending biometrics—must be followed precisely to avoid refusal or delay.

1. Entry Clearance vs Leave to Remain

Applicants outside the UK must apply for entry clearance before travelling. This applies to most new family members joining a British or settled sponsor. The application is submitted online through the official GOV.UK platform and supported by documentary evidence uploaded to a secure digital portal. Applicants then attend a Visa Application Centre (VAC) to provide biometric data and submit any required original documents.

Applicants already in the UK with valid leave in a category that allows switching—such as a fiancé(e), partner, or parent—can apply for leave to remain under Appendix FM. However, those in the UK as visitors, short-term students, or on immigration bail are generally prohibited from switching and must leave the UK to apply for entry clearance. Attempting to switch from an ineligible category results in automatic refusal.

2. Application Fees and Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS)

Applicants must pay both an application fee and the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS). As of 2025, the fees are:

The IHS provides access to NHS services during the applicant’s stay. As of 2025, the IHS is set at £1,035 per adult per year and £776 per child under 18. The total amount is calculated based on the length of leave granted—typically 2.5 years—so the surcharge for an adult is £2,587.50 per application. Both fees must be paid in full before submission.

3. Optional Priority Services

Applicants may choose to purchase a faster processing service if available in their region. The two options currently offered by UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) are:

• Priority Service: an additional £500 for a decision within 5 working days.
• Super Priority Service: an additional £1,000 for a decision within 24 hours of biometric enrolment.

Availability varies by country and appointment location. The Home Office does not guarantee turnaround times where additional checks or document verification are required, even when a premium service has been purchased.

4. Application Processing Times

Standard Home Office service times for Appendix FM applications are as follows:

• Entry clearance applications: up to 12 weeks from the biometric appointment date.
• In-country leave to remain applications: up to 8 weeks from the biometric enrolment date.

Super Priority applications may receive a decision within one working day, but complex cases or those requiring additional verification can take longer. Applicants are advised not to make travel plans until a decision has been issued.

5. Supporting Documents

Applicants must upload comprehensive evidence to demonstrate that all eligibility, financial, English language, accommodation, and suitability requirements are met. The Home Office expects the documentation to comply strictly with Appendix FM-SE (Specified Evidence). Typical supporting documents include:

• Valid passports or travel documents for both applicant and sponsor.
• Proof of relationship (e.g. marriage certificate, civil partnership certificate, birth certificate, photographs, communication records).
• Financial evidence such as payslips, bank statements, employer letters, tax returns, or savings evidence in the prescribed format.
• Accommodation documents, including tenancy agreements, title deeds, or inspection reports.
• English language test certificates or Ecctis confirmations, unless exempt.
• Criminal record certificates for overseas applicants, if required.

All documents must be in English or Welsh, or accompanied by a certified translation. The Home Office no longer routinely requests missing items, so incomplete submissions are likely to be refused without further notice. The evidence must be clear, consistent, and correctly dated to satisfy the strict evidential standards of Appendix FM-SE.

6. Biometrics and Travel Restrictions

All applicants are required to attend a biometric appointment to provide fingerprints and a digital photograph. This is done at a UKVCAS service point for in-country applications or at a Visa Application Centre (VAC) overseas. The application will not be processed until biometrics have been completed.

Applicants who apply from within the UK must not travel outside the Common Travel Area (UK, Ireland, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands) while the application is pending. Leaving the UK during this period automatically withdraws the application under Home Office withdrawal rules, and fees are not refunded.

7. Decision and Residence Permits

Successful applicants receive either an electronic visa (eVisa) or a Biometric Residence Permit (BRP), depending on where and how the application was processed. From 2025, the Home Office is continuing the transition from physical BRPs to fully digital eVisas accessible via the UKVI account service.

Applicants should check the details on their visa document immediately upon receipt to ensure accuracy of name, date of birth, visa category, and expiry date. Any discrepancies must be reported to UKVI without delay. The visa conditions will state whether work or study is permitted and will confirm the duration of leave granted under Appendix FM.

Section Summary: Family visa applications under Appendix FM follow a digital, document-driven process. Applicants must complete the online form, upload evidence meeting Appendix FM-SE standards, attend biometrics, and pay both the application fee and IHS. Processing times vary by case complexity and service level. Compliance with procedural steps and documentary precision are vital to achieving a successful outcome.

Section I: Common Appendix FM Application Errors to Avoid

Family visa applications under Appendix FM are among the most complex within the UK immigration system. Despite being based on well-defined eligibility rules, many are refused because of preventable administrative or evidential errors. The Home Office applies strict standards, and even minor inconsistencies can lead to refusal. Understanding the most frequent mistakes helps applicants and sponsors prepare stronger, compliant submissions.

1. Inadequate Evidence

One of the leading causes of refusal is submitting incomplete or poorly organised evidence. Appendix FM and Appendix FM-SE specify exactly what must be provided to demonstrate compliance with each rule. Explanatory letters or personal statements cannot substitute for required documents. The Home Office will not fill gaps in the evidence or seek clarification if key documents are missing.

Examples of inadequate evidence include missing proof of income, insufficient relationship documentation, or lack of tenancy confirmation. Applicants should approach the process as a strict evidential exercise, providing every document required by the Rules in the correct format and date range.

2. Relationship Not Proven

The genuineness and subsistence of the relationship lie at the heart of Appendix FM. Even when a marriage or partnership is legally valid, the Home Office must be satisfied that the relationship is genuine, ongoing, and not entered into for immigration advantage. Applications can be refused where evidence of communication, cohabitation, or shared financial responsibility is weak or inconsistent.

Refusals frequently occur when:

• Evidence of living together is limited or contradictory.
• The couple married shortly before applying without supporting proof of a long-term relationship.
• Financial or social ties between partners appear minimal.
• Large age or cultural differences raise credibility questions without explanation.

Comprehensive and consistent evidence—such as joint bills, tenancy agreements, photos over time, travel records, and communication logs—helps establish authenticity and reduce suspicion of convenience relationships.

3. Financial Documents Non-Compliant

The financial requirement remains one of the most technically demanding parts of Appendix FM. Appendix FM-SE prescribes exact formats, content, and time periods for income and savings evidence. Even minor deviations can result in refusal, regardless of the applicant’s actual financial position.

Common financial documentation errors include:

• Submitting fewer than six months of payslips or missing corresponding bank statements.
• Employer letters missing required details such as salary, employment type, or start date.
• Using savings held for less than six consecutive months or dipping below the required threshold during that period.
• Providing self-employment records that do not cover a full financial year or are unaudited when required.

The Home Office will not make allowances for missing evidence unless exceptional circumstances under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 apply. Applicants should therefore verify every document against Appendix FM-SE before submission.

4. Errors in the Application Form

Inconsistencies between the online application form and supporting documents are another major reason for refusal. Mistakes in personal details, employment dates, or immigration history can lead caseworkers to question credibility or honesty. In some cases, such discrepancies may even trigger refusal on suitability grounds for deception.

Applicants should check every answer on the online form before submission and ensure that all supporting evidence reflects the same information. A mismatch between the form and documentation can delay processing or cause outright rejection.

5. Failure to Demonstrate Continuous Eligibility

Applicants extending their family visa or applying for indefinite leave to remain must show that they have continuously met all requirements of Appendix FM throughout their previous periods of leave. Gaps in cohabitation, loss of income, or changes in accommodation can cause problems at renewal or settlement stage if not fully documented.

Maintaining detailed records of residence, finances, and communication helps ensure that applicants can demonstrate continuous compliance. Evidence should cover the entire visa period and not just the months preceding renewal.

6. Ignoring Professional Immigration Advice

Many refusals arise when applicants attempt to navigate complex rules without professional assistance. Appendix FM incorporates multiple layers of law—from the Immigration Rules themselves to human rights principles under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Specialist advice can help identify weaknesses, ensure evidential compliance, and anticipate Home Office scrutiny.

Those with complex histories—such as prior refusals, criminal records, or dependent children—should seek legal advice before applying. A professional adviser can review the case against the latest guidance, ensure documentation meets the required standards, and reduce the likelihood of refusal.

Section Summary: The most common Appendix FM mistakes involve missing or inconsistent evidence, relationship doubts, and financial documentation errors. The Home Office expects strict adherence to Appendix FM-SE, with no margin for administrative oversight. Diligent preparation, attention to detail, and early professional input can prevent avoidable refusals and significantly improve the prospects of success.

Section J: Family Visa to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR)

Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) marks the point at which a family visa holder under Appendix FM gains permanent residence in the UK. It provides full access to work, study, and public services without immigration restriction. ILR represents the culmination of either the five-year or ten-year family route, depending on the applicant’s compliance with the eligibility and evidential rules during earlier stages.

1. The Five-Year Route to ILR

The five-year route applies to applicants who have consistently met all the standard eligibility criteria under Appendix FM—covering relationship, financial, accommodation, English language, and suitability requirements. To qualify for ILR on this route, the applicant must demonstrate:

• Five continuous years (60 months) of lawful residence in the UK under the partner or parent category of Appendix FM.
• A genuine and subsisting relationship with their sponsor at the time of application.
• Ongoing compliance with financial, accommodation, and suitability requirements.
• Achievement of the English language and Knowledge of Life in the UK (KoLL) standards.

Applicants must also prove that they have maintained lawful immigration status throughout the qualifying period and have not breached visa conditions. While Appendix FM does not impose a 180-day absence limit like work-related routes, excessive or unexplained absences that undermine the claimed family life can lead to refusal. Evidence of shared residence, financial interdependence, and communication should therefore be kept for the entire period.

2. The Ten-Year Route to ILR

The ten-year route is intended for applicants who could not meet all the standard eligibility criteria but were granted leave under human rights or compassionate grounds. This may include cases considered under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX of Appendix FM. Applicants must demonstrate ten years of continuous lawful residence in the UK under the family or private life categories.

Throughout this period, applicants must maintain compliance with visa conditions and renew their leave as required. Those who later come to meet all the five-year route requirements can apply to switch, potentially shortening their path to ILR. The Home Office will assess any switch request against the most recent rules and documentary standards under Appendix FM-SE.

3. Knowledge of Life in the UK (KoLL) Requirement

Applicants aged 18 to 64 must satisfy the Knowledge of Life in the UK (KoLL) requirement. This consists of two elements:

• Life in the UK Test: A multiple-choice exam based on British culture, history, and government, taken at an approved test centre.
• English language ability: Demonstrating at least CEFR Level B1 speaking and listening ability through a valid SELT or an English-taught qualification confirmed by Ecctis.

Exemptions apply to applicants aged 65 or over or those unable to meet the requirement due to long-term physical or mental health conditions. Medical evidence from a qualified professional must be submitted to support exemption claims. Failure to meet the KoLL requirement without a valid exemption will result in refusal of the ILR application.

4. Continuous Residence and Good Character

Continuous residence for ILR under Appendix FM requires maintaining valid leave throughout the qualifying period. Any period of overstaying beyond 28 days (before the 2016 rule change) or without reasonable grounds may break continuity and restart the qualifying clock. Applicants must also meet the good character and suitability standards under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules.

Good character assessments include checks on criminal records, immigration breaches, deception, and financial obligations such as unpaid NHS debts or litigation costs. Where issues exist, applicants should provide full disclosure and evidence of rehabilitation or repayment. Failure to do so can result in refusal or future ineligibility for British citizenship.

5. Timing and Application Process

ILR applications must be submitted before the applicant’s current period of leave expires. Late applications risk loss of lawful status and interruption of continuous residence. Applications are made online via GOV.UK, and biometric enrolment remains compulsory. Applicants should retain evidence covering their full residence period, including cohabitation proof, income documentation, and proof of ongoing relationship with their sponsor.

The standard fee for an ILR application under Appendix FM as of 2025 is £2,885 per person, in addition to any optional priority service fees. Processing typically takes up to six months, although faster decision services may be available for an additional cost.

6. Benefits of Indefinite Leave to Remain

ILR grants permanent residency rights, enabling the holder to live and work in the UK without restriction. ILR holders can access most public benefits, though they must remain mindful that:

• ILR lapses automatically if the holder leaves the UK for more than two consecutive years, requiring a Returning Resident visa to re-enter.
• Serious criminal convictions or false representations can result in ILR being revoked.
• After 12 months of holding ILR, most individuals may be eligible to apply for British citizenship by naturalisation, subject to meeting residence and character requirements.

Section Summary: Achieving Indefinite Leave to Remain under Appendix FM confirms a person’s long-term right to live in the UK. Applicants on the five-year route must have met all standard eligibility criteria, while those on the ten-year route must demonstrate long-term compliance under human rights provisions. Continuous lawful residence, good character, and meeting the KoLL requirement are essential to success. ILR offers stability and security, often serving as the final step before applying for British citizenship.

Section K: Need Assistance?

Navigating the family immigration process under Appendix FM is complex and time-sensitive. The Rules contain numerous cross-references, strict evidential requirements, and a limited margin for administrative error. Even applicants who meet all eligibility criteria often face challenges compiling evidence or addressing procedural issues that can lead to refusal if not handled carefully.

Because Appendix FM applications rely heavily on accurate documentation and legal interpretation, many applicants and sponsors seek advice from qualified immigration professionals. A legal adviser can assess eligibility, identify weaknesses, ensure full compliance with Appendix FM-SE, and present the strongest possible application to the Home Office.

When Professional Advice is Recommended

While some straightforward applications can be managed independently, professional assistance is particularly valuable in the following situations:

• Where the applicant or sponsor has a complex immigration history or a previous refusal.
• Where criminal convictions, character concerns, or immigration breaches may affect suitability under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules.
• Where the relationship involves long-distance separation, cultural differences, or marriage abroad.
• Where financial evidence involves self-employment, fluctuating income, or mixed income and savings sources.
• Where there are children whose best interests must be demonstrated under Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009.
• Where exceptional or compassionate circumstances are being raised under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3 or Section EX.

Immigration specialists can ensure that all evidential requirements are met in line with Appendix FM-SE, prepare legal representations addressing any human rights arguments, and assist with responding to Home Office requests for further information if they arise.

Appeals and Refusals

If an application under Appendix FM is refused, the applicant may have a right of appeal on human rights grounds. Professional advice at this stage is essential, as appeal arguments often rely on demonstrating that refusal would breach Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights or that the Home Office failed to properly apply its own guidance.

Before reapplying or appealing, an immigration adviser can review the refusal notice, identify errors in law or evidence, and recommend corrective action. In many cases, improving the documentation and clarifying inconsistencies can lead to a successful outcome on reapplication without the need for an appeal.

Long-Term Planning

Specialist advice is also valuable for long-term planning. Advisers can help families understand how to maintain compliance over successive visa periods, manage transitions between the five-year and ten-year routes, and prepare for eventual settlement or British citizenship. Strategic planning can prevent future complications, such as delays in ILR eligibility or lapses in lawful residence.

Section Summary: Appendix FM applications require careful preparation, accurate documentation, and awareness of complex procedural rules. Professional immigration advice can greatly improve the quality and strength of an application, particularly where circumstances are complex or where exceptional factors apply. Expert guidance ensures compliance with the Immigration Rules, minimises the risk of refusal, and supports long-term settlement planning in the UK.

Section L: Appendix FM FAQs

This section answers frequently asked questions about Appendix FM and the family visa process under the UK Immigration Rules. Each response reflects current Home Office policy and guidance as of October 2025.

1. Who can sponsor a family visa under Appendix FM?

A sponsor must be a British citizen, a person settled in the UK (holding indefinite leave to remain or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme), a refugee, or a person granted humanitarian protection. In some cases, sponsors with pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme can qualify if the family relationship existed before 31 December 2020. Sponsors with temporary visas such as Skilled Worker status cannot act as Appendix FM sponsors; their dependants must apply under the relevant work-related appendix instead.

2. Do partners and children have to meet the same income threshold?

For new Appendix FM applications made on or after 11 April 2024, a single financial threshold of £29,000 applies regardless of the number of dependants. Transitional provisions protect applicants who entered the five-year route before that date, allowing them to continue using the previous threshold of £18,600 plus the applicable child add-ons (£3,800 for the first non-British child and £2,400 for each additional child).

3. Can lower earnings or third-party support be considered?

In exceptional cases, yes. If the sponsor receives a qualifying disability-related benefit, the adequate maintenance test applies instead of the fixed income requirement. Additionally, where refusal would result in unjustifiably harsh consequences under GEN.3.1–GEN.3.3, the Home Office may consider other credible financial resources, such as third-party support or prospective employment income, when assessing the proportionality of refusal.

4. Do unmarried partners qualify under Appendix FM?

Yes. Unmarried partners can apply under Appendix FM if they have lived together in a relationship akin to marriage or civil partnership for at least two consecutive years before the date of application. Evidence of cohabitation, shared financial commitments, and communication history is required to prove that the relationship is genuine and subsisting.

5. Can a child over 18 still qualify as a dependant?

Only in limited circumstances. A child over 18 may still be considered a dependant under Appendix FM if they were previously granted leave as a child and continue to be financially and emotionally dependent on their parents without forming an independent family life. The decision is discretionary and depends on the evidence presented.

6. What English language level is required for partners?

Partners must meet specific English language levels at each stage of their route: A1 for initial entry clearance, A2 for an extension after 2.5 years, and B1 for indefinite leave to remain. Applicants can meet this requirement through an approved Secure English Language Test (SELT), a degree taught in English and confirmed by Ecctis, or by being a national of a majority English-speaking country.

7. How long does a parent route application take?

Processing times vary depending on the application location and service level. Standard in-country applications usually take up to eight weeks, while entry clearance applications from overseas can take up to 12 weeks. Priority and Super Priority services, where available, can shorten these times for an additional fee.

8. Can victims of domestic abuse apply for ILR without meeting the financial or English language requirements?

Yes. Under the Domestic Violence Indefinite Leave to Remain (DVILR) route in Appendix FM, individuals whose relationship has broken down due to domestic abuse can apply for immediate settlement. They are exempt from both the financial and English language requirements, provided they can supply credible evidence that the abuse occurred during the relationship and caused its breakdown.

9. Does Appendix FM always lead to settlement?

Yes. Both the five-year and ten-year family routes can lead to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR). Applicants on the five-year route qualify after 60 months of continuous lawful residence if all requirements have been met throughout. Those on the ten-year route qualify after ten years, often following periods of leave granted under exceptional or compassionate circumstances.

Section Summary: Appendix FM covers a wide range of family relationships, each with distinct eligibility and evidential requirements. Meeting the financial, English language, accommodation, and suitability rules is essential, while exemptions and discretion may apply in limited cases. Understanding these FAQs helps families plan ahead and avoid common errors when applying to join or remain with loved ones in the UK.

Conclusion

Appendix FM remains one of the most important and complex areas of UK immigration law, forming the foundation of the family migration system. It governs applications based on family life with a British citizen, settled person, or other qualifying sponsor, and balances immigration control with the United Kingdom’s human rights obligations under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Success under Appendix FM depends on precise compliance with evidential and eligibility rules, particularly those set out in Appendix FM-SE and the accompanying Home Office guidance. Applicants and sponsors must demonstrate that all requirements are met — from relationship authenticity and financial sufficiency to accommodation and suitability — and that their circumstances warrant a grant of leave, whether under the five-year or ten-year route.

Attention to documentation, consistency of evidence, and understanding the thresholds for exceptional and compassionate circumstances are key to avoiding refusal. For complex or borderline cases, early professional legal advice can make the difference between success and delay or rejection. With proper preparation, Appendix FM provides a structured pathway to family unity and eventual settlement in the UK.

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